The Gut-Brain Axis: Emerging Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological Disorders

Abstract

The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) represents a pivotal communication network in human health, and its disruption is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. The primary objective of this review is to provide a critical synthesis of the molecular mechanisms governing this connection and its therapeutic implications. We systematically evaluate the neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways that mediate gut-brain communication. Furthermore, we analyze and synthesize evidence from primary clinical and preclinical studies to assess the role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and autism spectrum disorder. Finally, we critically examine the current landscape of microbiome-targeted therapies, including probiotics, dietary modifications, and fecal microbiota transplantation. By integrating current research, this review identifies key knowledge gaps and highlights the transformative potential of targeting the gut microbiome as a novel therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.